Formulation of Emulgel Preparation Combination of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seed Oil and Ethanol Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) and Determination of Sunprotection Factor
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of kersen leaf extract in the very strong category makes kersen leaves have potential as a sunscreen because they contain flavonoid and tannin compounds. High antioxidant content is also found in sunflower seed oil because it contains vitamin E, which acts as a sunscreen. To increase the effectiveness of both plants, it was developed into an emulgel preparation that can facilitate the delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. This study aims to determine the physical stability of the emulgel preparation and the Sun Protection Factor value of the combined emulgel preparation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed oil and kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) leaf extract. This research is a type of experimental laboratory research. Samples were extracted by maceration method, using 96% ethanol solvent and formulated in the form of emulgel preparations with variations in sunflower seed oil concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% and 3% concentrations of kersen leaf extract. Then, physical stability tests were carried out, which included an organoleptic test, a homogeneity test, a pH test, a viscosity test, a spreadability test, an emulsion type test, a cycling test, and the determination of the SPF value of emulgel preparations in vitro. The results stated that all emulgel preparations met the criteria of organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, emulsion type, and cycling test, which were physically stable, and based on the results of determining the SPF value, it was shown that the emulgel preparation had activity as a sunscreen with the SPF values F1 6.55, F2 7.15, and F3 7.68.
Keywords:
Emulgel, Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) leaf, SPF, Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed oil
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References
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Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (1996). Sediaan Tabir Surya. Dewan Stand Nas.1996;16(4399):1-3
Bhaware, S. H., & Wankhade, V. P. (2022). Formulation, Development and Optimization of Topical Emulgel by 32 Factorial Design. IJCRT, 10(6), 1-8. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT22A6014.pdf
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Mulukuri, N. V. L. S., Dhara, M., Gupta, D., Devi, K., & Kumar, P. (2023). Development and Optimization of Novel Emulgel Loaded with Andrographolide-Rich Extract and Sesame Oil Using Quality by Design Approach: In Silico and In Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation against A431 Cells. Gels, 9, 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070507
Nonci, F. Y., Tahar, N., & Aini, Q. (2016). Formulasi dan uji stabilitas fisik krim susu kuda Sumbawa dengan emulgator nonionik dan anionik. Jurnal Farmasi UIN Alauddin Makassar, 4(4), 169-178.https://doi.org/10.24252/jurfar.v4i4.2256
Panwar, A., Upadhyay, N., Bairagi, M., Gujar, S., Darwhekar, G., & Jain, D. (2011). Emulgel: A review. Asian J Pharm Life Sci, 2231, 4423. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353339821_Emulgel_A_review
Poon, T. S., & Barnetson, R. S. (2002). The importance of using broad spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreens in tropical and subtropical climates. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 18(4), 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0781.2002.00768.x
Puspitasari, A. D., Mulangsri, D. A. K., & Herlina, H. (2018). Formulasi krim tabir surya ekstrak etanol daun kersen (Muntingia calabura l.) untuk kesehatan kulit. Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 28(4), 263-270.https://doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v28i4.524
Putri, C. D. I., & Zielda, S. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Toksisitas pada Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia Calabura L.) di Bangkalan. Indonesian Journal Pharmaceutical and Herbal Medicine, 1(2), 66-71.
Sheskey, Paul. J., Cook, Walter G, dan Cable, Colin G. 2017. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (8th ed). London: The Pharmaceutical Press.
Sineke, F. U. (2016). Penentuan kandungan fenolik dan sun protection factor (spf) dari ekstrak etanol dari beberapa tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.). Pharmacon, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.5.2016.11316
Sreevidya, V. S. (2019). An overview on emulgel. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 9(1), 92-97.
Suharti, N., Lestari, R., Lucida, H., & Rivai, H. (2018). Optimization of Emulgel Formulation of The Defatted Ethyl Acetate Extract of Mychorriza arbuscule Induced Ginger Rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Int Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine (IJPSM), 3(3), 1-8. https://ijpsm.com/Publish/Mar2018/V3I301.pdf
Suryani, A. E., Putri, P., & Agustyiani, P. (2017). Formulation and stability test of purified extract gel preparation of paliasa left [Formulasi dan uji stabilitas sediaan gel ekstrak terpurifikasi daun paliasa](Kleinhovia hospita L.). Pharmacon J. Ilm. Farm, 6(3), 157-169. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.6.2017.16867
Tamara, N., Angkasa, C., Ginting, C. L., Chiuman, L., & Lister, I. N. E. (2019). Determination sunscreen potential based on sunflower seed Oil (Helianthus annuus) in cream preparation with combination of oxybenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate by in vitro method. Am. Sci. Res. J. Eng. Technol. Sci, 60, 33-39.
Voight, R., 1995, Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, 566- 567
Walters, K. A. (Ed.). (2002). Dermatological and transdermal formulations (Vol. 119). CRC Press.
Zhang, X., Zhou, T., & Ng, K. (2020). Optimization-based Cosmetic Formulation: Integration of Mechanistic Model, Surrogate Model, and Heuristics. Authorea. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158948936.63110621.
Ahmed, I. A., & Mikail, M. A. (2024). Diet and skin health: The good and the bad. Nutrition, 112350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2023.112350
Amnuaikit, T., & Boonme, P. (2013). Formulation and characterization of sunscreen creams with synergistic efficacy on SPF by combination of UV filters. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(8), 001-005. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.3801
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (1996). Sediaan Tabir Surya. Dewan Stand Nas.1996;16(4399):1-3
Bhaware, S. H., & Wankhade, V. P. (2022). Formulation, Development and Optimization of Topical Emulgel by 32 Factorial Design. IJCRT, 10(6), 1-8. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT22A6014.pdf
Colipa, C. S., &Jcia, C. (2006). International Sun Protection Factor (SPF). Test method. COLIPA, CTFA-SA, 46.
Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. 2017. Edisi II. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Geraldine, E. T., & Hastuti, E. D. (2018). Formulation of Sunscreen Cream of Parijoto Fruit Extract. Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas, 15(2), 92-98. : http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.1521525
Haneefa, K. M., Easo, S., Hafsa, P. V., Mohanta, G. P., & Nayar, C. (2013). Emulgel: An advanced review. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 5(12), 254.
Karafyllakis, D., van der Groot, A. J., dan Nikiporadis, C. V. (2019). Multicomponent Emulsifiers from Sunflower Seeds. Current Opinion in Food Science. 29 : 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.07.005
Khullar, R., Kumar, D., Seth, N., & Saini, S. (2012). Formulation and evaluation of mefenamic acid emulgel for topical delivery. Saudi pharmaceutical journal, 20(1), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2011.08.001
Kulkarni, S. S., Bhalke, R. D., Pande, V. V., & Kendre, P. N. (2014). Herbal plants in photo protection and sun screening action: An overview. Indo Am. J. Pharm. Res., 4, 1104-1113.
Lachman, L., Herbert, A. L., & Joseph, L. K. (2008). Teori dan Praktek Industri Farmasi Edisi II. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia..
Maibach, H. I., & Honari, G. (2014). Applied dermatotoxicology: clinical aspects. Academic Press.
Mansur, J. D. S., Breder, M. N., Mansur, M. C., & Azulay, R. D. (1986). Determination of sun protection factor by spectrophotometry. An Bras Dermatol, 61(3), 121-124.
Mita, N., Ardana, M., Arifuddin, M., Febrianie, N. L., & Farida, S. (2020). Optimization of Gelling Agents and Emulsifiers in Emulgel Bases, and Physical Evaluation of Emulgel containing Sepabang (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaves Extract. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 5(2), 143-149. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6355-6888
Mohite, S. V., Salunkhe, A. K., & Sudke, S. G. (2019). Emulgel: A novel approach for hydrophobic drugs. American journal of pharmtech research, 9(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.018
Mukhlishah, N. R. I., Sugihartini, N., & Yuwono, T. (2016). Irritation test and physical properties of unguentum volatile oil of Syzygium aromaticum in hydrocarbon base. Majalah Farmaseutik, 12(1), 372-376. https://doi.org/10.22146/farmaseutik.v12i1.24130
Mulukuri, N. V. L. S., Dhara, M., Gupta, D., Devi, K., & Kumar, P. (2023). Development and Optimization of Novel Emulgel Loaded with Andrographolide-Rich Extract and Sesame Oil Using Quality by Design Approach: In Silico and In Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation against A431 Cells. Gels, 9, 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070507
Nonci, F. Y., Tahar, N., & Aini, Q. (2016). Formulasi dan uji stabilitas fisik krim susu kuda Sumbawa dengan emulgator nonionik dan anionik. Jurnal Farmasi UIN Alauddin Makassar, 4(4), 169-178.https://doi.org/10.24252/jurfar.v4i4.2256
Panwar, A., Upadhyay, N., Bairagi, M., Gujar, S., Darwhekar, G., & Jain, D. (2011). Emulgel: A review. Asian J Pharm Life Sci, 2231, 4423. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353339821_Emulgel_A_review
Poon, T. S., & Barnetson, R. S. (2002). The importance of using broad spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreens in tropical and subtropical climates. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 18(4), 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0781.2002.00768.x
Puspitasari, A. D., Mulangsri, D. A. K., & Herlina, H. (2018). Formulasi krim tabir surya ekstrak etanol daun kersen (Muntingia calabura l.) untuk kesehatan kulit. Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 28(4), 263-270.https://doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v28i4.524
Putri, C. D. I., & Zielda, S. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Toksisitas pada Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia Calabura L.) di Bangkalan. Indonesian Journal Pharmaceutical and Herbal Medicine, 1(2), 66-71.
Sheskey, Paul. J., Cook, Walter G, dan Cable, Colin G. 2017. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (8th ed). London: The Pharmaceutical Press.
Sineke, F. U. (2016). Penentuan kandungan fenolik dan sun protection factor (spf) dari ekstrak etanol dari beberapa tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.). Pharmacon, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.5.2016.11316
Sreevidya, V. S. (2019). An overview on emulgel. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 9(1), 92-97.
Suharti, N., Lestari, R., Lucida, H., & Rivai, H. (2018). Optimization of Emulgel Formulation of The Defatted Ethyl Acetate Extract of Mychorriza arbuscule Induced Ginger Rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Int Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine (IJPSM), 3(3), 1-8. https://ijpsm.com/Publish/Mar2018/V3I301.pdf
Suryani, A. E., Putri, P., & Agustyiani, P. (2017). Formulation and stability test of purified extract gel preparation of paliasa left [Formulasi dan uji stabilitas sediaan gel ekstrak terpurifikasi daun paliasa](Kleinhovia hospita L.). Pharmacon J. Ilm. Farm, 6(3), 157-169. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.6.2017.16867
Tamara, N., Angkasa, C., Ginting, C. L., Chiuman, L., & Lister, I. N. E. (2019). Determination sunscreen potential based on sunflower seed Oil (Helianthus annuus) in cream preparation with combination of oxybenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate by in vitro method. Am. Sci. Res. J. Eng. Technol. Sci, 60, 33-39.
Voight, R., 1995, Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, 566- 567
Walters, K. A. (Ed.). (2002). Dermatological and transdermal formulations (Vol. 119). CRC Press.
Zhang, X., Zhou, T., & Ng, K. (2020). Optimization-based Cosmetic Formulation: Integration of Mechanistic Model, Surrogate Model, and Heuristics. Authorea. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158948936.63110621.
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Nurlila, R., Andriani, R., ., W., & ., A. (2024). Formulation of Emulgel Preparation Combination of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seed Oil and Ethanol Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) and Determination of Sunprotection Factor. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(3), 109-121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i03.010
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